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The study of vertical mobility of heavy metals and their transfer to mushrooms
Jurnečka, Roman ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of contamination of forest soils and edible mushrooms with lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the Jeseníky Mountains, specifically in the Domašov and Vápenná forests. Sampling took place at 12 localities, divided into spruce and beech stands. Atomic absorption spectrometry AAS ContrAA 800D was chosen to determine the content of selected heavy metals. Based on the measured values of the concentrations of the studied metals and other soil properties, dependences were created to determine the vertical mobility of selected metals in the soil profile. Vertical mobility depends on the physico-chemical properties of the soil (pH, C and S content). The dependence of the content of selected heavy metals in the soil on the pH value of the soil was found. In the case of lead, the sorption capacity of the soil organic component was confirmed. The risk and above-limit content of Pb, Cd and Cu was found on the yellow-boletus mushroom. Cadmium shows the highest bioavailability. Lead was evaluated as the element with the lowest mobility.
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Souvislost změn v cyklech dusíku a uhlíku v lesních půdách po odumření stromového patra
TUPÁ, Adéla
The bachelor's thesis deals with changes in nitrogen and carbon cycles in coniferous forest soils after tree layer dieback due to forest disturbance. The thesis focuses on changes in nitrification and availability of nitrates in soils in connection with microbial biomass and carbon availability, especially in the forests with non-intervention management. This thesis contains of two parts, a literature review, and a scientific project proposal, which aims to verify possible validity of heterotrophic-competition hypothesis of microbes in soils.
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Vliv kyselé a dusíkové zátěže na dostupnost dusičnanů v lesních půdách
KOTOUNOVÁ, Adéla
The Czech Republic faced high acid deposition in the past that altered soil chemistry and nitrogen (N) cycle. However, it is not clear whether the changes are related to soil acidification or to the nutritional effect of N. The aim of this study was to determine the availability of nitrates in the beech and spruce forest soils and to determine how it is influenced by acid and N addition (application of sulfuric acid and ammonium nitrate; a six-year field experiment in the Ore Mountains). Other soil characteristics influencing nitrates were evaluated: net N mineralization and nitrification, the availability of ammonium and microbial biomass. Soil acidification affected spruce forest nitrification while N addition increased beech forest microbial biomass.
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The study of vertical mobility of heavy metals and their transfer to mushrooms
Jurnečka, Roman ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Komendová, Renata (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of contamination of forest soils and edible mushrooms with lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in the Jeseníky Mountains, specifically in the Domašov and Vápenná forests. Sampling took place at 12 localities, divided into spruce and beech stands. Atomic absorption spectrometry AAS ContrAA 800D was chosen to determine the content of selected heavy metals. Based on the measured values of the concentrations of the studied metals and other soil properties, dependences were created to determine the vertical mobility of selected metals in the soil profile. Vertical mobility depends on the physico-chemical properties of the soil (pH, C and S content). The dependence of the content of selected heavy metals in the soil on the pH value of the soil was found. In the case of lead, the sorption capacity of the soil organic component was confirmed. The risk and above-limit content of Pb, Cd and Cu was found on the yellow-boletus mushroom. Cadmium shows the highest bioavailability. Lead was evaluated as the element with the lowest mobility.
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The importance of bacteria for deadwood decomposition in forest ecosystems
Némethová, Ema ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Bárta, Jiří (referee)
Forest ecosystems represent a huge reservoir of carbon. The volume of deadwood in managed forests is in the tens of m3 h-1, while unmanaged forests have the volume of deadwood in hundreds of m3 ha- 1. Deadwood is a substrate with a high potential for decomposition. However, deadwood is a specific habitat that has a high C/N ratio and changes due to ongoing decomposition. The C/N ratio decreases with increasing decay time. In addition to the C/N ratio, the pH also changes during the wood pulping process, due to the decomposition of plant biomass by fungi. Moreover, deadwood has a high impermeability. The main decomposers of dead wood are fungi. In addition to them, bacteria, which are numerous in deadwood, also contribute to decomposition. Bacterial communities that decompose woody biomass are affected by these factors, and their distribution is also affected by dead tree species. The aim of this study was to describe how bacterial communities associated with deadwood change during decay. The most significant factor in the decomposition by bacterial communities is the time of decay. Bacteria found in short-decaying wood (less than 16 years old) are more diverse than those found in long-decaying wood. Methylotrophic bacteria and N-fixing bacteria are common in short-decaying wood as well. N-fixing...
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Půdy pralesovitých reliktů na Šumavě pod vlivem přirozených a antropogenních disturbancí
Posker, Tomáš
This work describes the soil environment of old forests in CHKO Šumava Protec-ted Landscape Area. It will be used to determine the habitat framework of soil conditions follow-up multidisciplinary research that aims to determine the biolo-gical value of the stands and to derive recommendations of management mea-sures in these forest-like relics. The soil environment was characterized by soil profiles and laboratory analysis. The dominatesoil unit is the Entic podzol, espe-cially in its variant of hypreskeletic Entic Podzols. The average genetic depth is 85 cm, but some soil profiles are extremely shallow (up to 5 cm). A relatively high degree of pedodiversity has been found, approaching the values of the Boubínský prales, which was the reference for us.
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Comparison of soil microbial activity on sites with different forest management practices
Volánek, Jiří
Presented thesis is focused on microbial activity of forest soils and aims at characterizing some of its parameters on sites with different silvicultural management practices. Coppice, coppice-with-standard and high forest stands were compared in terms of carbon and nitrogen content, content of microbial biomass, enzymatic activity and selected physical properties of soil. Study was conducted between September 2015 and April 2016 on pre-existing TARMAG II research plot near Soběšice, Brno, Czech Republic. Samples were collected during three different calendar seasons, allowing for seasonal dynamicity assessment of the studied parameters. Statistical evaluation detected significant effect of management type on potential respiration of studied soil samples as well as significant effect of seasonality on microbial biomass content in incubated samples, phosphatase activity in fresh soil samples, catalase activity in both fresh and incubated samples and potential respiration of studied samples. Results also show that the overall potential activity of urease and catalase was at its highest during the winter season.
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Carbon sequestration and carbon stock in forest soils
Flašarová, Kristýna ; Chuman, Tomáš (advisor) ; Strouhalová, Barbora (referee)
Carbon sequestration is one of the most important processes in the soil. There is three times more carbon in soil than in the atmosphere, significant part of this soil carbon is deposited in the forest soils of North America, Europe and Asia. Soil, compared with biomass, is able to store carbon for a long time and protect it from decomposition and release back to the air. Carbon sequestration and its stock in soil are influenced by many factors (climate, bedrock, biological activity, relief and land use). Forest soils contain large amount of carbon and with adequate management and tree species composition is possible to increase final amount of soil carbon. This thesis is about, besides other things, measuring soil carbon in different depths and comparing the final results in total amount of carbon in soil. Practical part compare amount of carbon in forest soils of two main tree species in Czech mountain forests: beech and spruce, where the largest amount of soil carbon is stored in the Czech Republic.
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Possibility of using VIS - NIR spectroscopy for predicting the properties of forest soils
Kratina, Josef ; Borůvka, Luboš (advisor) ; Lucie, Lucie (referee)
The aim of this PhD thesis was an objective assessment of application of VNIR spectroscopy for predicting properties of forest soils. For each soil property were found the most appropriate combination of statistical methods for pre-processing (continuum removal, 1. derivation, 2. derivation) and processing (PLSR, PCR, SVM) of certain spectral bands. As generally successful shows a combination of methods 1. derivation and support vector machine throughout the VNIR spectral range (400-2500 nm). In some cases, however, they proved to other models. Among the best predictable features include pH, content of oxidizable carbon, aluminum, iron, silicon, or calcium (at higher concentrations). Not very high success rate prediction was found in indicators that take low values (sodium, manganese, aluminum or ferrous complexes). The results show that VNIR spectroscopy method is applicable for predicting properties of forest soils. It can not completely replace traditional analysis, but it can very well complement, especially in practice. For example, when the soil mapping can help thicken network data and refine the information better than other methods of spatial estimation. It is applicable in cases where it is required large amounts of data in a short timeframe and at minimal cost. It is suitable for monitoring trends over time, or for a quick survey of an area.
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Characterization of soil units within the forest site complexes in ČLA Trutnov
Kejklíčková, Iva ; Penížek, Vít (advisor) ; Ulbrichová, Iva (referee)
The objective of this master thesis is the evaluation of the most frequent forest soil types in forest district of the Czech Forestry Academy (ČLA) Trutnov. The ČLA forest district covers area 670,41 ha. Soil survey and phytocenose analysis was performed on eight most frequent forest site complexes (FSCs) within the district. This work is focused on the phytocenose analysis in the particular FSCs, soil types determination physical and chemical soil properties on the particular FSCs. Additionlly conditions and possible differencies between coniferous and deciduous stands were investigated on three forest site complexes. According to the results of measurement when evaluating the relationship between the forest and soil type it shows that in given natural conditions of the forest district of the Czech Forestry Academy Trutnov there are FSCs corresponding with the given conditions on the forest grounds. Particular FSCs occur in the direct dependence on natural conditions and their soil profiles correspond with pedogenesis on the particular sites. The hypothesis was confirmed, that a long term vegetation influence characterized by FSCs has substantially influence over soil environment and the other way round. The interaction between the phytocenose and soil environment was found on all monitored sites. Different fytocenosis composition of broadleve and coniferours forest stands influences the chemical and physical properties, humus forms and some of the morphological properties of soil profiles with different intensity in all three detailly studied FSCs. However, this influence was less considerable, when compared with assumptions.
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